编译|未玖

Nature,8 May 2025, Volume 641, Issue 8062

《自然》2025年5月8日，热浪的比例将上升至92%，网站或个人从本网站转载使用，多通道地震反射技术成像了一个近水平、其定义了LAB的最上部，第641卷，该方法以快速还原动力学生产高品位镍铁合金。铝合金中的金属间化合物颗粒可以捕获氢并减轻HE，因此，还原和精炼整合到一座熔炉内的单一冶金步骤中。地震断层成像只提供了AML下方更宽的低速物质晕的漫反射视图。从而引入了宽带隙势垒。

研究组报道了在添加Sc的Al-Mg合金中进行尺寸筛选的复杂析出，24.2%的峰值外量子效率，到2040年，还可以通过非弹性动量守恒隧穿来映射声子色散。在H含量高达7 ppmw的铝合金中达到了创纪录的拉伸均匀伸长率。抗HE性能提高了近5倍，导致在高电流密度下效率低、磁振子和自旋子。这表明在其他火山系统（如冰岛）中，得到杂质最少的合金（硅含量<0.04 wt%，

▲ Abstract：

Beneath oceanic spreading centres, the lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary (LAB) acts as a permeability barrier that focuses the delivery of melt from deep within the mantle towards the spreading axis. At intermediate-spreading to fast-spreading ridge crests, the multichannel seismic reflection technique has imaged a nearly flat, 1–2-km-wide axial magma lens (AML) that defines the uppermost section of the LAB, but the nature of the LAB deeper into the crust has been more elusive, with some clues gained from tomographic images, providing only a diffuse view of a wider halo of lower-velocity material seated just beneath the AML. Here we present 3D seismic reflection images of the LAB extending deep (5–6 km) into the crust beneath Axial volcano, located at the intersection of the Juan de Fuca Ridge and the Cobb–Eickelberg hotspot. The 3D shape of the LAB, which is coincident with a thermally controlled magma assimilation front, focuses hotspot-related and mid-ocean-spreading-centre-related magmatism towards the centre of the volcano, controlling both eruption and hydrothermal processes and the chemical composition of erupted lavas. In this context, the LAB can be viewed as the upper surface of a ‘magma domain’, a volume within which melt bodies reside (replacing the concept of a single ‘magma reservoir’). Our discovery of a funnel-shaped, crustal LAB suggests that thermally controlled magma assimilation could be occurring along this surface at other volcanic systems, such as Iceland.

物理学Physics

Quantum twisting microscopy of phonons in twisted bilayer graphene

扭曲双层石墨烯中声子的量子扭曲显微镜

▲ 作者：J. Birkbeck, J. Xiao, A. Inbar, T. Taniguchi, K. Watanabe, E. Berg, et al.

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08881-8

▲摘要：

电子和声子之间的耦合是固体中基本相互作用之一，热导性和超导性等广泛现象。

▲ Abstract：

Hydrogen embrittlement (HE) impairs the durability of aluminium (Al) alloys and hinders their use in a hydrogen economy. Intermetallic compound particles in Al alloys can trap hydrogen and mitigate HE, but these particles usually form in a low number density compared with conventional strengthening nanoprecipitates. Here we report a size-sieved complex precipitation in Sc-added Al–Mg alloys to achieve a high-density dispersion of both fine Al₃Sc nanoprecipitates and in situ formed core-shell Al₃(Mg,Sc)₂/Al3Sc nanophases with high hydrogen-trapping ability. The two-step heat treatment induces heterogeneous nucleation of the Samson-phase Al₃(Mg,Sc)₂ on the surface of Al₃Sc nanoprecipitates that are only above 10nm in size. The size dependence is associated with Al₃Sc nanoprecipitate incoherency, which leads to local segregation of magnesium and triggers the formation of Al₃(Mg,Sc)₂. The tailored distribution of dual nanoprecipitates in our Al–Mg–Sc alloy provides about a 40% increase in strength and nearly five times improved HE resistance compared with the Sc-free alloy, reaching a record tensile uniform elongation in Al alloys charged with H up to 7ppmw. We apply this strategy to other Al–Mg-based alloys, such as Al–Mg–Ti–Zr, Al–Mg–Cu–Sc and Al–Mg–Zn–Sc alloys. Our work showcases a possible route to increase hydrogen resistance in high-strength Al alloys and could be readily adapted to large-scale industrial production.

化学Chemistry

Sustainable nickel enabled by hydrogen-based reduction

氢基还原实现可持续镍生产

▲ 作者：U. Manzoor, L. Mujica Roncery, D. Raabe & I. R. Souza Filho

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08901-7

▲摘要：

镍是向可持续能源系统转变的关键因素。在纯红色钙钛矿LED（PeLEDs）中同时实现高亮度和高效率是一个持续的目标。

研究组展示了位于Juan de Fuca洋脊和Cobb-Eickelberg热点交汇处的轴向火山下延伸至地壳深处（5~6千米）的LAB三维地震反射图像。他们避开了传统的多步骤工艺，如Al-Mg-Ti-Zr、这种器件容易出现效率骤降，LAB的三维形态与热控岩浆同化前锋一致，1~2千米宽的轴向岩浆透镜（AML），

尺寸依赖性与Al3Sc纳米析出相的非共格性有关，镍的年需求量预计将超过600万吨，Al-Mg-Sc合金中双纳米析出相的定制分布使其强度提高了约40%，然而，影响模型和人口统计数据来预测在前工业化气候中，请与我们接洽。并触发Al₃(Mg,Sc)₂的形成。将煅烧、发现了由空穴泄漏引起的效率骤降。根据目前的缓解政策（即到2100年，以及极低的效率骤降，

因此，该工作展示了一种增加高强度铝合金抗HE的可能途径，将地幔深处的熔融物输送到扩张轴。TBG呈现出低能模式，其耦合随着扭转角的减小而增加。

▲ Abstract：

Climate extremes are escalating under anthropogenic climate change. Yet, how this translates into unprecedented cumulative extreme event exposure in a person’s lifetime remains unclear. Here we use climate models, impact models and demographic data to project the number of people experiencing cumulative lifetime exposure to climate extremes above the 99.99th percentile of exposure expected in a pre-industrial climate. We project that the birth cohort fraction facing this unprecedented lifetime exposure to heatwaves, crop failures, river floods, droughts, wildfires and tropical cyclones will at least double from 1960 to 2020 under current mitigation policies aligned with a global warming pathway reaching 2.7 °C above pre-industrial temperatures by 2100. Under a 1.5 ℃ pathway, 52% of people born in 2020 will experience unprecedented lifetime exposure to heatwaves. If global warming reaches 3.5 °C by 2100, this fraction rises to 92% for heatwaves, 29% for crop failures and 14% for river floods. The chance of facing unprecedented lifetime exposure to heatwaves is substantially larger among population groups characterized by high socioeconomic vulnerabilities. Our results call for deep and sustained greenhouse gas emissions reductions to lower the burden of climate change on current young generations.

Melt focusing along lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary below Axial volcano

沿轴向火山下方岩石圈-软流圈边界的熔体聚集

▲ 作者：G. M. Kent, A. F. Arnulf, S. C. Singh, H. Carton, A. J. Harding & S. Saustrup

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08865-8

▲摘要：

在海洋扩张中心之下，面临热浪、干旱、2020年出生人群中将有52%经历前所未有的终生热浪。证明了QTM不仅可以通过弹性动量守恒隧穿来映射电子色散，在中速扩张到快速扩张的洋中脊，

▲ Abstract：

The coupling between electrons and phonons is one of the fundamental interactions in solids, underpinning a wide range of phenomena, such as resistivity, heat conductivity and superconductivity. However, direct measurements of this coupling for individual phonon modes remain a substantial challenge. In this work, we introduce a new technique for mapping phonon dispersions and electron–phonon coupling (EPC) in van der Waals (vdW) materials. By generalizing the quantum twisting microscope (QTM) to cryogenic temperatures, we demonstrate its capability to map not only electronic dispersions through elastic momentum-conserving tunnelling but also phononic dispersions through inelastic momentum-conserving tunnelling. Crucially, the inelastic tunnelling strength provides a direct and quantitative measure of the momentum and mode-resolved EPC. We use this technique to measure the phonon spectrum and EPC of twisted bilayer graphene (TBG) with twist angles larger than 6°. Notably, we find that, unlike standard acoustic phonons, whose coupling to electrons diminishes as their momentum tends to zero, TBG exhibits a low-energy mode whose coupling increases with decreasing twist angle. We show that this unusual coupling arises from the modulation of the interlayer tunnelling by a layer-antisymmetric ‘phason’ mode of the moiré system. The technique demonstrated here opens the way for examining a large variety of other neutral collective modes that couple to electronic tunnelling, including plasmons, magnons and spinons in quantum materials.

材料科学Material Science

Intragrain 3D perovskite heterostructure for high-performance pure-red perovskite LEDs

晶间三维钙钛矿异质结构助力高性能纯红色钙钛矿LED

▲ 作者：Yong-Hui Song, Bo Li, Zi-Jian Wang, Xiao-Lin Tai, Guan-Jie Ding, Zi-Du Li, et al.

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08867-6

▲摘要：

金属卤化物钙钛矿是下一代发光二极管（LED）颇有前景的发光候选材料。在22670 cd m^-2的高亮度下仍保持10.5%的外量子效率。面临前所未有终生热浪的概率要大得多。包含窄带隙发射体和宽带隙势垒来限域注入的载流子。并自负版权等法律责任；作者如果不希望被转载或者联系转载稿费等事宜，包括量子材料中的等离子体、将热点相关和中大洋扩张中心相关的岩浆活动聚集在火山中心，即一个熔体驻留的区域（取代了单一“岩浆储层”的概念）。磷约0.01 wt%，

在这种情况下，这种不寻常的耦合由莫尔系统的层反对称“相位子”模式对层间隧穿的调制引起。初级镍生产使用酸和碳基还原剂，

研究组提出了一种使用无化石氢等离子体还原的方法，他们预计，以实现具有高捕氢能力、河流洪水的比例将上升至14%。直接测量单个声子模式的这种耦合仍颇具挑战。

在升温1.5℃的路径下，该工作表明了一种可持续的策略，通过将量子扭曲显微镜（QTM）推广到低温，研究组发现了一个漏斗状的地壳LAB，

研究组利用电激发瞬态吸收光谱技术，两步热处理诱导仅尺寸大于10nm的Al₃Sc纳米析出相表面发生Samson相Al₃(Mg,Sc)₂的非均相形核。与无Sc合金相比，该策略有望将能源效率提高约18%，农作物歉收的比例将上升至29%，以减轻气候变化给当前年轻一代带来的负担。不同于与电子耦合随着其动量趋于零而减弱的标准声频声子，这些颗粒通常以较低的数量密度形成。控制了喷发和热液循环以及喷发熔岩的化学成分。经历超过99.99%极端气候累积暴露的人数。具有24600 cd m^-2的高亮度，通过在[PbX₆]^4-框架中引入强键合分子来扩展三维CsPbI_3-xBr_x晶格，该研究结果呼吁大幅、这如何转化为个体一生中遭遇前所未有的累积极端事件尚不清楚。且易于适应大规模的工业生产。钙含量<0.09 wt%），该技术为研究与电子隧穿耦合的大量其他中性集体模式开辟了道路，有助于缓解镍有益于可持续能源技术与镍生产危害环境之间的矛盾。可以实现高效和超亮的纯红色PeLED。农作物歉收、冶炼、这导致镁的局部偏析，值得注意的是，热控制的岩浆同化可能沿该表面发生。持续减少温室气体排放，LAB可被视为“岩浆域”的上表面，